Comparison of Male and Female Per Capita Expenditure in North Sumatra in 2025 Using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61166/interdisiplin.v3i4.156Keywords:
Per capita expenditure, Gender, North Sumatra, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Economic Well-beingAbstract
This study aims to analyze and compare per capita expenditure patterns between men and women in North Sumatra Province in 2025. Per capita expenditure is a crucial indicator reflecting the level of welfare, purchasing power, and economic capacity of the population in a region. Given that household consumption in North Sumatra continues to increase annually, identifying gender disparities in expenditure is essential for evaluating the equity of economic development. The method used in this study is Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to estimate the parameters of the expenditure distribution. MLE was chosen for its ability to provide consistent and efficient estimates, particularly with large sample sizes, under the assumption of specific data distributions such as the log-normal distribution commonly found in expenditure and income data. The research data is sourced from secondary data from the North Sumatra Provincial Central Statistics Agency for the year 2025. The results of the analysis are expected to map the extent of expenditure disparities between men and women across various regencies and cities in North Sumatra. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for local governments in formulating more inclusive and gender-responsive policies to improve social welfare and reduce economic inequality in the region.
References
Alam, M., Jan, S. U., & Zeb, A. (2019). Gender wise distribution of income using L-moments method. Communication, Society and Media, 2(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.22158/csm.v2n1p29
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Statistik Indonesia 2025. Jakarta: BPS.
Casella, G., & Berger, R. L. (2002). Statistical Inference (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press.
Fadilah, Z., Purwaningsih, T., Inderanata, R. N., Konate, S., & Hardiyanti, C. (2022). Gender inequality in HDI and per capita expenditure: a probabilistic distribution and spatial data analysis. Science in Information Technology Letters, 3(2), 73-87. http://doi.org/10.31763/sitech.v3i2.1214.
Fauziyyah, S., Tarihoran, N., & Sunardi, D. (2022). Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Gender, Tingkat Kemiskinan dan Pengeluaran Per Kapita Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam Di Provinsi Banten Periode Tahun 2013-2020. Jurnal Simki Economic, 5(2), 187-198.
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Isgiarahmah, A., Goejantoro, R., & Nasution, Y. N. (2021). Estimasi Parameter Model Regresi Linier Berganda dengan Pendekatan Bayes Menggunakan Prior Pseudo (Studi Kasus Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Kalimantan Timur). Jurnal EKSPONENSIAL, 12(1).
Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., & Vining, G. G. (2012). Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Nurlaila, D., Kusnandar, D., & Sulistianingsih, E. (2013). Perbandingan metode maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) dan metode Bayes dalam pendugaan parameter distribusi eksponensial. Buletin Ilmiah Mat. Stat. dan Terapannya (Bimaster), 2(1), 51-56.
Purba, S. A. (2020). Estimasi Parameter Data Berdistribusi Normal Menggunakan Maksimum Likelihood Berdasarkan Newton Raphson. Jurnal Sains Dasar, 9(1), 16-18.
Purba, S. A., Sutarman, & Darnius, O. (2018). Maximum likelihood based on newton raphson, fisher scoring and expectation maximization algorithm application on accident data. International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(1), 965-969.
Putri, A. M., Junaidi, & Edy, J. K. (2025). Determinan sosial ekonomi ketimpangan gender provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Sumatera. e-Jurnal Sumberdaya dan Lingkungan, 14(2), 59-68.
Silalahi, B., & Ruslan, D. (2024). Effect Of Population, Minimum Wage Rate, And Unemployment Rate On Per Capita Expenditure In The Regencies/Cities Of North Sumatra Province. Jurnal Ilmiah Sosio-Ekonomika Bisnis, 27(2), 44-57.
Wibawati, Y., & Nugraha, J. (2009). Maximum Likelihood Estimation Model Linear dan Log-Linear dalam Regresi Poisson. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerapan MIPA Fakultas MIPA Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 181-188
Windari, & Ramadhan, A. (2023). Determinan Pengeluaran Konsumsi Rumah Tangga di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. EKUILNOMI: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 5(2), 216-224.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2013). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (5th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliza Margareth Pangaribuan, Santa Ceacilia Br Tarigan, Sintya Ester Z Berutu, Claudia Nainggolan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
